Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a effective technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be carefully considered. The sel

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have become a cutting-edge solution in wastewater treatment. They integrate the concepts of standard activated sludge systems with advanced membrane filtration. This innovative combination achieves exceptional effluent quality, effectively eliminating a wide range of pollutants, including suspended solids, organic matter